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hi we're here in the international space

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station flight control room at the

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johnson space center in houston texas

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and i'm joined here with mary saramelli

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who is the project manager with the

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johnson space center vacuum chamber

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thanks for joining us

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and we're gonna

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turn it over to the students there at

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the distance learning network event

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thank you

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all right now if we could have our first

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uh student ask their first question that

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would be great

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how do you make sure that the model used

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in the testing chamber does not get

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destroyed

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that's a really great question

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it's hard to it will be hard to destroy

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it by something like fire because

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there's not going to be any air in our

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test chamber um and we did very careful

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design to make sure nothing would fall

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on it and then in between now and when

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the

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we're going to be doing a series of

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practice tests to make sure that all of

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our operations are safe so that when it

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gets in there

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we are the last people that want to

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damage a telescope that cost billions of

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great thank you do you want us to go on

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to question number two

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yes please

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what material do you put on the web

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telescope that make sure it does not

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space materials are

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kind of different from earth materials

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because it's it's

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difficult to keep things the right

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temperature and space

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and to

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some things in when they're exposed to

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space tend to

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have things evaporate off of them so you

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really carefully pick materials for

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space so that's a good question

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luckily where the james webb telescope

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is going to be eventually is in a spot

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that's so cold that we don't won't have

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to worry about it burning up uh the only

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time when it'll be warm when it's in the

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on the launch vehicle

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it'll be enclosed by a metal cone that

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will protect it during the launch but

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then after it gets up there

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it's more a matter of keeping it warm

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rather than having to make sure we keep

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it cold

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until it gets to where it's going and

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when it gets where it's going we want

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things there to be so cold that they've

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gone to a lot of effort

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to try to keep the james webb telescope

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instruments very very cold minus 400

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thank you

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uh what are the limits to the weather

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itself how important it seems um you

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have to repeat that one somebody was

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laughing behind me and i couldn't hear

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what are the limits to the weather its

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telescope how far can it see

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um that's another really good question

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the webb telescope is going to be able

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to see between 10 and 100 times

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farther

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than the hubble telescope

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when we say how far can it see it's more

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of

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the more dim a light it can see

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that's farther back toward the start of

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the big bang than we've ever been able

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to see before so it's kind of like a

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time machine in a way because what by

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the time the

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the

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collecting

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gets to the telescope that light will

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have originated over 13 and a half

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billion years ago from its source and it

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just took that long to get to the

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telescope to read it so by the time the

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telescope gets that light to read it

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it's 13 and a half billion years old

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and because of that we'll be able to see

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the very first

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galaxy formations so far the hubble's

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been able to see

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galaxies

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but james webb telescope wants to see

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the galaxies

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as they're forming and before they're

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forming and that will be

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a whole new uh range of science that

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we've never been able to do before we're

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going to get very close back to the as

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close as we can back to the

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that's a good question too thank you

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will the webb telescope eventually fall

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down to earth and be replaced like the

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hubble

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yeah it's kind of sad that someday

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hubble will come back to earth isn't it

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um

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hubble's actually orbiting about 350

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miles above earth

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and because it's orbiting earth

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eventually when the fuel runs out and

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gravitational forces have their effect

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it will eventually come back but the

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james webb telescope isn't going to be

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orbiting earth it's going to be a

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million miles away from earth

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in just a point of space and it's not so

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it won't be orbiting us it won't

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um it's it's going to be in a point in

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space where

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the effects of the gravity on earth and

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the effects of gravity on the sun kind

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of cancel each other out so that neither

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one's pulling on the other and since

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it's a million miles away

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and it's not orbiting earth there's

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nothing to pull it into earth so that it

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will burn up eventually when it runs out

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of fuel

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it's

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and it isn't able to stay in in the

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right spot anymore it will eventually

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drift off into the solar system and

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but it won't be coming back to earth

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um how many hours does it take to test

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i really like this question because you

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asked me that question in hours and i

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have to give you the answer in days

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it's going to take us 90 days to do the

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test in our chamber

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once we get to the final test

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and the first three weeks of that test

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are going to be more boring than

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watching paint dry

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because the only thing it's going to be

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doing is trying to get as cold as it's

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going to be when it eventually gets to

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its spot

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out in space and then the next

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few weeks

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will be spent

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taking data to make sure all of its

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instruments work and the mirrors work

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and all that

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and then the last couple weeks are going

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to be really boring too because then we

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just have to warm the thing back up so

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that we can bring it back out of the

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chamber

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but yes it's meant it will end up being

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how cold does it get in the chamber

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exactly we

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we're actually really proud of this

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the

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minus 440 degrees right now

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we may be able to get a couple of

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degrees

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colder than that

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if we put a little more effort into it

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but

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the james webb telescope since it's

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supposed to work at -400

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the test chamber has to be colder than

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that so that it can

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operate like it's going to be in space

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and so we can get down we'll have the

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coldest place on earth in texas

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uh in august when when we end up testing

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thank you

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could the vacuum chamber

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hypothetically be used to uh give

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astronauts a

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more realistic experience of a space

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simulation than the training pool

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uh yes as a matter of fact in fact we

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have a few vacuum chambers at johnson

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space center that we do use to give the

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astronauts a sense of how

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equipment will work in a vacuum and how

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their spacesuits will work in a vacuum

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in fact

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chamber a the one that's going to be

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testing the james webb telescope was one

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of the first vacuum chambers we used and

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the apollo astronauts spent two weeks

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inside of their

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space capsule in that chamber

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checking out how the capsule worked

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so yes it has been used for that it

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will probably be used for that again

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after the james webb but in the

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meanwhile we have other

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somewhat smaller more human sized

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chambers that we used and we can put

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people in there so they can get an

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however i probably should add to that

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that um

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once we put a vacuum in there the

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gravity stays so that's one of the

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things that the pool does for us is the

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pool

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kind of simulates what it's like to live

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without gravity

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and the vacuum chamber stimuli simulates

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what it's like to live without air

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so we really need to have both of those

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because we can't do one at the same time

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thank you

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what is the most

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want to talk to

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i heard what is the most important test

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i thought you run on the top

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the most important test we're going to

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be running on the telescope here on

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earth in the chamber is we're going to

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be operating all of its instruments

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to make sure

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that they are able to see a we're going

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to put kind of a test universe

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out there for it to look to see if it's

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picking up the the lights in the right

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wavelength if if it's able to be pointed

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in the right direction

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and then to make sure that the mirrors

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all stay aligned with each other it the

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thing has 18 mirrors it's so big

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that it can't launch without being

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folded up so when it launches it folds

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up like

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like a transformer

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and it unfolds while it's heading on its

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way out to the moon

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wow past the moon i should say and so

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when it unfolds all these mirror pieces

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the 18 mirror segments have to line up

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with each other

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and they all have to work together so

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that's one of the things we'll be

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testing there is will all these work

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together when they get as cold as

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they're supposed to get

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thank you

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how do you test the equipment in the

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chamber

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and what kind of test do you have to run

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how do we test the the james webb

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telescope in the chamber

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yes

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well we're going to put it into the

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chamber while the chamber has air in it

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of course and then the

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first thing we're going to do is we're

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going to remove all the air from the

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chamber and then start to make it very

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very cold

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from there we'll start turning on the

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infrared sensors

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which the james webb telescope has four

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different kinds of infrared sensors and

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we're going to

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turn on a source as if it was looking

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for a very faint galaxy 13 billion years

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ago and see if those sensors pick up on

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that source

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did that answer your question okay and

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then

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space does the chamber hold

285
00:12:44,790 --> 00:12:41,600
oh the chamber holds um

286
00:12:47,910 --> 00:12:44,800
400 000 cubic feet

287
00:12:51,230 --> 00:12:47,920
it's big you can fit uh

288
00:12:53,509 --> 00:12:51,240
several buses inside this chamber it's

289
00:12:57,190 --> 00:12:53,519
120 feet tall

290
00:12:58,949 --> 00:12:57,200
by 65 feet in diameter

291
00:12:59,829 --> 00:12:58,959
and the door on it

292
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:59,839
uh

293
00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:01,600
is 40 feet in diameter it's a big

294
00:13:04,870 --> 00:13:03,680
circular door sort of like a giant

295
00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:04,880
hobbit hole

296
00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:08,320
and the the that's how we get things in

297
00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:10,240
and out of the chamber but it's it's

298
00:13:13,680 --> 00:13:20,949
thank you

299
00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:22,949
how did you get to be in the position

300
00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:25,760
you're in and what is your degree

301
00:13:30,389 --> 00:13:28,320
oh i have a couple degrees one is

302
00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:30,399
aerospace engineering

303
00:13:36,870 --> 00:13:33,920
and then i got a master's in mechanical

304
00:13:39,430 --> 00:13:36,880
engineering as well

305
00:13:40,790 --> 00:13:39,440
and how i got in the position i am in

306
00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:40,800
wow that's a

307
00:13:43,269 --> 00:13:42,240
really hard question really good

308
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:43,279
question

309
00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:45,120
um

310
00:13:48,389 --> 00:13:46,480
i was

311
00:13:50,069 --> 00:13:48,399
i found something i really liked to do

312
00:13:52,310 --> 00:13:50,079
here at nasa

313
00:13:54,550 --> 00:13:52,320
i really liked working with the the test

314
00:13:57,110 --> 00:13:54,560
chambers and vacuum and

315
00:13:59,350 --> 00:13:57,120
and the astronauts and their spacesuits

316
00:14:01,269 --> 00:13:59,360
and um

317
00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:01,279
just started working my way up through

318
00:14:07,110 --> 00:14:04,240
levels of responsibility once i got here

319
00:14:09,350 --> 00:14:07,120
and so eventually we came upon this huge

320
00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:09,360
project where we needed to get a chamber

321
00:14:13,509 --> 00:14:12,240
ready for this next great telescope

322
00:14:15,269 --> 00:14:13,519
adventure

323
00:14:17,189 --> 00:14:15,279
and i'd already

324
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:17,199
had a lot of 15 years of experience in

325
00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:19,760
working with chambers so i was ready to

326
00:14:27,829 --> 00:14:25,750
um

327
00:14:30,629 --> 00:14:27,839
why do why are the mirrors on the

328
00:14:32,710 --> 00:14:30,639
telescope hexagons

329
00:14:34,389 --> 00:14:32,720
you know i saw this question because i

330
00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:34,399
saw some of the questions ahead of time

331
00:14:39,189 --> 00:14:36,639
and i saw this question i said wow that

332
00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:39,199
one kind of stumped me

333
00:14:42,069 --> 00:14:41,440
so i went and looked up the answer for

334
00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:42,079
it

335
00:14:49,829 --> 00:14:48,079
as the fact that since the telescope the

336
00:14:52,550 --> 00:14:49,839
since the primary mirror is made up of

337
00:14:54,870 --> 00:14:52,560
18 segments and it has to be so big

338
00:14:57,269 --> 00:14:54,880
that it has to be folded

339
00:14:59,670 --> 00:14:57,279
that meant that they couldn't create one

340
00:15:01,430 --> 00:14:59,680
giant single piece mirror like the

341
00:15:03,430 --> 00:15:01,440
hubble was they had they had to break it

342
00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:03,440
up into segments the easiest way to

343
00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:05,199
break it up into segments and still have

344
00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:06,959
all the pieces

345
00:15:10,870 --> 00:15:08,959
able to touch each other to create one

346
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:10,880
solid mirror surface

347
00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:11,600
is

348
00:15:15,829 --> 00:15:13,440
hexagon shapes that's the easiest

349
00:15:19,110 --> 00:15:15,839
packaging where all the edges will line

350
00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:20,790
all the way i'm sorry i clicked off

351
00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:22,160
where all the edges will line up with

352
00:15:28,949 --> 00:15:26,560
each other without gaps in between them

353
00:15:30,389 --> 00:15:28,959
and how long or how many years did it

354
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:30,399
take you to get to the point you're at

355
00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:32,720
right now

356
00:15:36,629 --> 00:15:34,480
the the james webb telescope they

357
00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:36,639
started talking about the telescope

358
00:15:43,749 --> 00:15:40,720
itself around the year 2000

359
00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:43,759
it got named the james webb telescope in

360
00:15:47,509 --> 00:15:46,320
2002 and they've really started working

361
00:15:48,870 --> 00:15:47,519
on it

362
00:15:53,030 --> 00:15:48,880
in earnest

363
00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:53,040
since about 2000 and to 2003.

364
00:15:58,470 --> 00:15:56,160
we at jsc got involved

365
00:16:00,150 --> 00:15:58,480
in 2005 when they came and said you know

366
00:16:01,990 --> 00:16:00,160
we're going to need to test this thing

367
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,000
somewhere and it's so big i think yours

368
00:16:06,389 --> 00:16:04,240
is the only place we can really do this

369
00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:06,399
and still have it be cold enough

370
00:16:10,790 --> 00:16:09,360
and so we started in 2005 to rearrange

371
00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:10,800
the whole chamber so that it could get

372
00:16:14,790 --> 00:16:13,440
cold enough for the james webb telescope

373
00:16:16,949 --> 00:16:14,800
but we've really most of the work has

374
00:16:20,870 --> 00:16:16,959
been in the last three years last three

375
00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:30,150
thank you

376
00:16:34,069 --> 00:16:32,230
what was the most dangerous thing that

377
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:34,079
has ever come close to the earth and

378
00:16:38,150 --> 00:16:36,160
what can the james sweat space

379
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:38,160
healthcare do to prevent that or prepare

380
00:16:41,829 --> 00:16:40,000
us for that

381
00:16:43,430 --> 00:16:41,839
uh well the james webb telescope will be

382
00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:43,440
able not it's not just going to be able

383
00:16:46,629 --> 00:16:45,120
to look for galaxies that are very

384
00:16:48,230 --> 00:16:46,639
distant but it's also going to be able

385
00:16:50,550 --> 00:16:48,240
to look at our planets in our solar

386
00:16:53,670 --> 00:16:50,560
system and look at asteroids that are

387
00:16:55,829 --> 00:16:53,680
floating around and the i'd say the most

388
00:16:57,110 --> 00:16:55,839
dangerous thing that's come to earth has

389
00:16:59,269 --> 00:16:57,120
probably been

390
00:17:00,790 --> 00:16:59,279
a couple of large asteroids most recent

391
00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:00,800
one well

392
00:17:04,230 --> 00:17:02,240
i mean the one tens of millions of years

393
00:17:07,029 --> 00:17:04,240
ago that they theorize killed off the

394
00:17:08,630 --> 00:17:07,039
dinosaurs but 100 years ago there was

395
00:17:11,189 --> 00:17:08,640
one that was 10 times the size of the

396
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:11,199
titanic that landed in a remote area of

397
00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:14,079
russia and pretty much flattened an area

398
00:17:18,870 --> 00:17:17,120
the size of dallas fort worth

399
00:17:20,549 --> 00:17:18,880
luckily there was just 80 million trees

400
00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:20,559
in the way but those 80 million trees

401
00:17:24,870 --> 00:17:23,360
suffered so a giant asteroid i'd say is

402
00:17:26,710 --> 00:17:24,880
probably the most

403
00:17:28,470 --> 00:17:26,720
dangerous thing that has come to earth

404
00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:28,480
in the past

405
00:17:38,950 --> 00:17:33,039
and we will be able to track uh asteroid

406
00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:42,070
we have one more question for you

407
00:18:00,870 --> 00:17:57,350
how oft does it take to get something

408
00:18:02,950 --> 00:18:00,880
approved before you test it oh i didn't

409
00:18:05,669 --> 00:18:02,960
catch all that can you say it again a

410
00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:05,679
little louder a little louder

411
00:18:08,870 --> 00:18:07,760
how long did it take to get something

412
00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:08,880
approved

413
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:10,240
oh how long does it take to get

414
00:18:15,669 --> 00:18:13,200
something approved wow that is a really

415
00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:15,679
that's an excellent and tough question

416
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:17,200
um

417
00:18:22,470 --> 00:18:19,840
generally a new idea

418
00:18:24,310 --> 00:18:22,480
uh will take a couple of years to get

419
00:18:25,750 --> 00:18:24,320
approved because all the all of our new

420
00:18:26,950 --> 00:18:25,760
projects have to be approved through

421
00:18:29,350 --> 00:18:26,960
congress

422
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,360
and if it involves building something we

423
00:18:33,590 --> 00:18:31,679
need about a three-year

424
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:33,600
advance warning before we were able to

425
00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:36,240
start build building something so

426
00:18:39,430 --> 00:18:37,440
like they started talking about the

427
00:18:43,029 --> 00:18:39,440
james webb telescope and around the year

428
00:18:45,990 --> 00:18:43,039
2000 it will launch in 2018

429
00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:46,000
so that kind of gives you an idea of the

430
00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:47,679
time between

431
00:18:52,390 --> 00:18:49,919
thinking of the idea and actually making

432
00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:52,400
it happen so a long time so you got to

433
00:18:55,110 --> 00:18:54,000
think about what it is you want to have

434
00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:55,120
happen now

435
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,880
because 20 years from now you might be

436
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:58,799
making it happen so you can write your

437
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:00,400
congressman now for what you want to see

438
00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:08,310
thank you

439
00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:11,029
okay we have one last question for you

440
00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:16,789
how do you get the chamber to get so

441
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:18,240
cold

442
00:19:21,110 --> 00:19:19,679
oh gosh

443
00:19:24,230 --> 00:19:21,120
um

444
00:19:27,270 --> 00:19:24,240
the the chamber has

445
00:19:30,789 --> 00:19:27,280
a series of walls inside of it

446
00:19:32,549 --> 00:19:30,799
it's got one it's inside layer of walls

447
00:19:35,029 --> 00:19:32,559
actually has tubes running through it

448
00:19:37,510 --> 00:19:35,039
that carry liquid nitrogen and liquid

449
00:19:40,150 --> 00:19:37,520
nitrogen makes those walls about minus

450
00:19:41,990 --> 00:19:40,160
300 degrees fahrenheit

451
00:19:42,789 --> 00:19:42,000
but that wasn't cold enough for james

452
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:42,799
webb

453
00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:45,360
the telescope so we put in another layer

454
00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:47,520
of walls inside of that

455
00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:49,520
and that one is going to

456
00:19:55,029 --> 00:19:52,320
it has tubes running through it too and

457
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:55,039
those those walls are going to carry

458
00:19:59,510 --> 00:19:57,520
gaseous helium that we've refrigerated

459
00:20:02,630 --> 00:19:59,520
the heck out of and we've gotten the

460
00:20:05,510 --> 00:20:02,640
helium so cold that it's only

461
00:20:07,430 --> 00:20:05,520
10 degrees above absolute zero and

462
00:20:08,710 --> 00:20:07,440
absolute zero is something that's a

463
00:20:10,789 --> 00:20:08,720
theoretical

464
00:20:11,750 --> 00:20:10,799
uh temperature

465
00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:11,760
that

466
00:20:15,110 --> 00:20:14,320
nothing achieves so this is

467
00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:15,120
10

468
00:20:21,909 --> 00:20:19,280
a theoretical lowest temperature in the

469
00:20:23,990 --> 00:20:21,919
universe and so once we get the walls

470
00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:24,000
that cold the whole chamber

471
00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:25,440
inside will get that cold but

472
00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:26,960
interestingly enough

473
00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:28,720
the wall if you leaned up against the

474
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:30,720
walls on the outside of the chamber

475
00:20:34,630 --> 00:20:32,720
which are about two inches thick it

476
00:20:37,430 --> 00:20:34,640
would just be a nice

477
00:20:43,750 --> 00:20:37,440
65 degrees but the inside of the chamber

478
00:20:51,029 --> 00:20:47,430
thank you

479
00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:51,039
their questions i know um through this

480
00:20:54,149 --> 00:20:52,240
they've learned a lot and really

481
00:21:01,990 --> 00:20:54,159
appreciate your time today i think that